17 .Mackesy,The Coward of Minden ,pp.254,258;Kathleen Wilson,The Sense of the People :Politics ,Culture and Imperialism in England ,1715-1785(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998),p.220.
18 .Steuart,The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ,2:91;Valentine,Lord George Germain ,pp.19-20,286.
19 .Mackesy,The Coward of Minden ,pp.254-55;Cumberland,Character of the Late Lord Viscount Sackville ,p.5;Flanders,Memoirs of Richard Cumberland ,p.203.
20 .Mackesy,The Coward of Minden ,p.256.
21 .The Journal of Samuel Curwen ,Loyalist ,ed.Andrew Oliver,2 vols.(Boston:Harvard University Press,1972),2:758;Hutchinson,Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson ,2:184,289,339.
22 .Thompson to Sackville,August 16,1785,Historical Manuscripts Commission,Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ,1:255-56;
23 .Mackesy,The Coward of Minden ,p.33;Gibbon To J.B.Holroyd,August 20,1774,in The Letters of Edward Gibbon ,ed.J.E.Norton,3 vols.(New York:Macmillan,1956),2:26;Lady North to North's father,London,November 10,1775,in Edward Hughes,“Lord North's Correspondence,1766-83,”English Historical Review 64,no.243(April 1947):228.
24 .Guttridge,“Lord George Germain in Office,”p.24;P.D.G.Thomas;The Townshend Duties Crisis :The Second Phase of the American Revolution 1767-1773(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1987),p.21;Germain to Irwin,February 18,1767,Historical Manuscripts Commission,Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ,1:119;R.C.Simmons and P.D.G Thomas,eds.,Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America 1754-1783,March 9,1774,6 vols.(Millwood,N.Y.:Kraus International,1982-86),6:50;Valentine,Lord George Germain ,pp.23-24.
25 .Simmons and Thomas,Proceedings and Debates of British Parliaments Respecting North America 1754-1788,March 28,1774,6:148-49,151-52;May 2,1774,ibid.,p.360;Namier & Brooke,The History of Parliament ,3:395;Simmons and Thomas,Proceedings and Debates of British Parliaments Respecting North America 1754-1788,January 26,1775,5:309-10.
26 .GibbonTo J.B.Holroyd.November 4,1776,in Norton,The Letters of Edward Gibbon ,2:120.
27 .Steuart,The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ,2:389.
28 .Ibid.,1:510;Germain to General Irwin,June 13,1775,Historical Manuscripts Commission,Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ,1:135;Ira Gruber,“Lord Howe and Lord George Germain,British Politics and the Winning of American Independence,”William and Mary Quarterly ,3d ser.,22,no.2(April 1965):229;Steuart,The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ,2:49;Ira D.Gruber,The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1972),p.83;Piers Mackesy,“British Strategy in the War of American Independence,”in Essays on the American Revolution ,ed.David L.Jacobson(New York:Holt,Rinehart and Winston,1970),p.172;P.D.G.Thomas,Tea Party to Independence :The Third Phase of the American Revolution 1773-1776(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1991),p.286.
29 .Gruber,“Lord Howe and Lord George Germain,British Politics and the Winning of the American Independence,”p.229;The Annual Register ,in Murdoch,Rebellion in America ,pp.353,368.
30 .Germain to Lord Suffolk,June 16 or 17,1775,Historical Manuscripts Commission,Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ,2:2;Germain to Clinton,January 3,1781,CO 5/101 no.76,PRO.
31 .Germain to General Irwin,July 26,1775,September 13,1775,Historical Manuscripts Commission,Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ,2:136,137.
32 .Paul David Nelson,General Sir Guy Carleton ,Lord Dorchester :Soldier-Statesman of Early British Canada (Teaneck,N.J.:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press,2000),pp.63-64,86-87,90,95.
33 .Germain to Carleton,March 26,1777,Historical Manuscripts Commission,Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ,2:60;Nelson,General Sir Guy Carleton ,Lord Dorchester ,pp.88,91-92,107;Hoffman Nickerson,The Turning Point of The Revolution ,or Burgoyne in America (1928;repr.Cranbury,N.J.:The Scholar's Bookshelf,2005),p.94;Thomas,Tea Party to Independence ,p.289;Alfred L.Burt,“The Quarrel Between Germain and Carleton:An Inverted Story,”Canadian Historical Review 11(September 1930):202-22.
34 .Guttridge,“Lord George Germain in Office,”pp.35,36.
35 .Dr.Benjamin Moseley,M.D.,A Treatise on Tropical Diseases ;on Military Operations ;and on the Climate of the West-Indies (London:T.Cadell,1789),p.130;Germain to Vaughan,February 8,1780,CO.318/6,PRO.
36 .H.M.Scott,British Foreign Policy in the Age of the American Revolution (Oxford:Oxford University Press,1990),pp.312-13;Clifford D.Conner,Colonel Despard :The Life and Times of an Anglo-Irish Rebe/(Conshohocken,Pa.:Combined Publishing,2000);Sir Charles Oman,The Unfortunate Colonel Despard and Other Studies (New York:Burt Franklin,1922);Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker,The Many-Headed Hydra :Sailors ,Slaves ,Commoners ,and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic (Boston:Beacon Press,2000),pp.249-86;Tom Pocock,The Young Nelson in the Americas (London:Collins,1980);Joseph J.Gallo,Nelson in the Caribbean :The Hero Emerges ,1784-1787(Annapolis,Md.:Naval Institute Press,2003).
37.Charles Stedman,The History of the Origin ,Progress ,and Termination of the American War ,2 vols.(London:J.Murray,J.Debrett and J.Kerby,1794),2:169-75.
38 .Moseley,A Treatise on Tropical Diseases ,122.
39 .关于外寒背景,参见Scott,British Foreign Policy in the Age of the American Revolution ,pp.71-72。
40 .Dalling to Germain,February 4,1780,September 12,1779,April 26,1780,CO 137/76,f.194,CO 137/75,f.176,CO 137/77,f.141,PRO.
41 .Dalling to Germain,February 7,1780,CO 137/77,f.20,PRO.
42 .Germain to Dalling,June 17,1779,February 2,1780,January 4,1780,March 1,1780,Germain Papers,WLCL,vols.18,f.68,11(unfoliated),18,f.116,vol.12(unfoliated).
43 .St.James's Chronicle ,December 18-21,1779;Royal Gazette (New York),June 24,1780;New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury ,June 26,1780;Moseley,A Treatise on Tropical Diseases ,p.129;Dalling to Germain,February 4,1780,CO 137/76,f.196,PRO.
44 .Minutes of the Assembly of Jamaica,December 15,1780,CO 140/59,PRO;Piers Mackesy,The War for America 1775-1783(1964;repr.Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1993),pp.334-37;Dalling to Germain,July 2,1780,CO 137/78,f.168,PRO.
45 .Dalling to Germain,February 4,1780,CO 137/77 PRO;Moseley,A Treatise on Tropical Diseases ,p.123;Dalling to Germain,February 4,1780,CO 137/76,f.194,PRO;Captain John Polson to Dalling,April 30,1780,CO,137/77,ff.158-60;Dalling to Germain,June 23,1780,CO 137/78,PRO.
46 .“Kemble's Journal 1780,”in The Kemble Papers ,2 vols.(New York:New-York Historical Society,1885),2:4;John Polson to Dalling,April 30,1780,CO 137/77,f.160,PRO;Kemble to Capt.Dixon,September 18,1780,November 26,1780,Kemble Papers ,2:306,352.
47 .Dalling to Germain,February 7,1780,CO 137/77,PRO.
48 .“Kemble's Journal 1780,”Kemble Papers ,2:24,31;Moseley,A Treatise on Tropical Diseases ,p.133;Sir John Fortescue,The War of Independence :The British Army in North America ,1775-1783,introd.John Shy(abridged ed.,1911;London:Greenhill Books,2001),pp.196-97;“Kemble's Journal 1780,”Kemble Papers ,2:36;John Hunter,Observations on the Diseases of the Army in Jamaica ,3d ed.(London:T.Payne,1808),pp.20,48.
49 .Germain to Dalling,December 7,1780,CO 137/78,f.335,PRO;J.Barton Starr,Tories ,Dons ,and Rebels :The American Revolution in British West Florida (Gainesville:University Press of Florida,1976),pp.1,141,143,144-45,160,173-74,190-92,211.
50 .Germain to Clinton,March 8,1778,Historical Manuscripts Commission,Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ,2:99;Germain to Clinton,January 23,1779,CO 5/97,PRO;Germain to North,September 13,1779,Historical Manuscripts Commission,Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ,2:142;Gruber,The Howe Brothers andthe American Revolution ,pp.215,220-21;John Shy,A People Numerous and Armed :Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence ,rev.ed.(Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,2000),p.203.
51 .11 June 1779 in Namier and Brooke,The History of Parliament ,3:395;Germain to Clinton,August 3,1779,CO 5/98,PRO;ibid.,Historical Manuscripts Commission,Stopford-Sackville ,2:135;Namier and Brooke,The History of Parliament ,3:390.
52 .Stuart to Clinton,January 1779,A Prime Minister and His Son :From the Correspondence of the Third Earl of Bute and of Lt.Gen.The Hon.Sir Charles Stuart ,K.B .,ed.The Hon.Mrs.E.Stuart Wortley (London:John Murray,1925),p.146.
53 .Twilight of British Rule in Revolutionary America :The New York Letter Book of General James Robertson 1780-1783,ed.Milton M.Klein and Ronald W.Howard(Cooperstown,N.Y.:New York State Historical Association,1983),pp.7,40.
54 .Flanders,Memoirs of Richard Cumberland ,p.291;Mary Beth Norton,The British-Americans :The Loyalist Exiles in England 1774-1789(Boston:Little,Brown,1972),pp.153-54;Leland J.Bellot,William Knox :The Life and Thought of an Eighteenth-Century Imperialist (Austin:University of Texas Press,1977),pp.113,146;163-64;Margaret Specter,The American Department of the British Government 1768-1782(New York:Columbia University Press,1940),pp.38,136.
55 .Germain to Clinton,March 31,1779,CO 5/97,PRO;James Simpson to Clinton,May 15,1780,in “James Simpson's Reports on the Carolina Loyalists,1779-1780,”ed.Alan S.Brown,Journal of Southern History 21,no.4(November 1955):518-19;Shy,A People Numerous and Armed ,pp.207,230,235.
56 .The Annual Register ,January 20,1775,in Murdoch,Rebellion in America ,p.212;Gibbon to J.B.Holroyd,May 3,1777,in Norton,The Letters of Edward Gibbon ,3:140;The Annual Register ,February 2,1778,February 11,1778,November 28,1778,in Murdoch,Rebellion in America ,pp.436,535,562,567,540.
57 .The Annual Register ,November 28,1778,in Murdoch,Rebellion in America ,p.540.
58 .Ibid.,May 1779,May 3,1779,pp.698,704.
59 .Germain to Clinton,March 8,1778,CO 5/95,PRO;Same to Same,September 27,Historical Manuscripts Commission,Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ,2:144.
60 .Thomas Paine,“The Crisis Number 1,”in The American Crisis ,introd.Andrew S.Trees(New York:Barnes & Noble,2010),p.1;James Kirby Martin and Mark Edward Lender,A Respectable Army :The Military Origins of the Republic ,1763-1789(Wheeling,Ill.:Harlan Davidson,2006),pp.68,89,206;Shy,A People Numerous and Armed ,pp.127,128-29.
61 .约翰•亚当斯初于1775年对大陆会议作出有关评论,战欢在1815年12月12泄致Jedediah Morse的信件中重复了这一估计。Adams to Jedediah Morse,December 22,1815,The Works of John Adams ,Second President of the United States :With a Life of the Author ,ed.Charles Francis Adams,10 vols.(Boston:Little,Brown and Company,1850-56),10:194;Don Cook,The Long Fuse :How England Lost the American Colonies ,1760-1785(New York:Atlantic Monthly Press,1995),p.325;Paul H.Smith,“The American Loyalists:Notes on Their Organization and Numerical Strength,”William and Mary Quarterly ,3d ser.,25,no.2(April 1968):260.威廉•史密斯似乎没有意识到亚当斯1815年的信函,Richard Bernstein引起了我对该信的关注。Historical Memoirs of William Smith 1778-1783,ed.W.H.W.Sabine,2 vols.(New York:New York Times,1971),1:380.
62 .Ruma Chopra,Unnatural Rebellion :Loyalists in New York City During the Revolution (Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press,2011),pp.136-37,199;Paul H.Smith,Loyalists and Redcoats :A Study in British Revolutionary Policy (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1964),p.60;Smith,“The American Loyalists,”pp.266,267,268,269;William H.Nelson,The American Tory ,2d ed.(Boston:Northeastern University Press,1992),pp.87,92,115.
63 .Germain to Clinton,December 3,1778,CO 5/96,PRO;Clinton to Germain,May 5,1779,CO 5/97,PRO;Don Higginbotham,The War of American Independence :Military Attitudes ,Policies ,and Practices 1763-1789(1971;repr.Boston:Northeastern University Press,1983),p.138;Shy,A People Numerous and Armed ,p.201.
64 .Stephen Brumwell,Redcoats:The British Soldier and the War in the Americas ,1755-1763(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002),p.117;Fred Anderson,A People's Army :Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years' War (London:Norton,1984),pp.111-42;Smith,Loyalists and Redcoats ,pp.74,78;Nelson,The American Tory ,pp.143,144;Shy,A People Numerous and Armed ,pp.130,193.
65 .Smith,Loyalists and Redcoats ,p.60.有历史学家认为美国建国者曾被迫接受极端政策,详见 Michael McDonnell,The Politics of War :Race ,Class ,and Conflict in Revolutionary Virginia (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2007);Woody Holton,Forced Founders :Indians ,Debtors ,and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1999);Terry Boulton,Taming Democracy (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2007);and Gary B.Nash,The Unknown American Revolution :The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America (New York:Viking,2005)。这也是Edward B.Countryman and Alfred F.Young作品中的重要主题。
66 .Germain to Carleton,July 10,1777,in The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox (From Volume VI of “Reports on Manuscripts from Various Collections ” Prepared by the Historical Manuscripts Commission Great Britain )(1909;repr.Boston:Gregg Press,1972),p.132;Ritcheson,British Politics and the American Revolution ,p.242;Germain to Irwin,February 3,1778,Historical Manuscripts Commission,Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ,1:139;Colonel Charles Stuart to Sir Henry Clinton,January 1779,in Wortley,A Prime Minister and His Son ,p.146.


